ACUTE SUBGLOTTIC LARYNGITIS. ETIOLOGY, EPIDEMIOLOGY, PATHOGENESIS AND CLINICAL PICTURE, LITERATURE REVIEW
Abstract
Acute subglottic laryngitis, commonly known as croup, is a viral respiratory illness predominantly affecting children aged 6 months to 3 years. It is characterized by a distinctive barking cough, stridor, and varying degrees of respiratory distress. The etiology is primarily viral, with the parainfluenza virus being the most common cause, although other viruses such as respiratory syncytial virus, influenza, and adenovirus can also contribute. This article provides an overview of the etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of croup. The pathogenesis involves inflammation of the subglottic area, leading to airway narrowing and subsequent respiratory symptoms. Diagnosis is mainly clinical, supported by tools like neck X-rays and pulse oximetry to assess severity. Management ranges from supportive care for mild cases to more intensive interventions, including nebulized epinephrine, corticosteroids, and oxygen therapy for moderate to severe cases. In extreme cases, intubation may be necessary. Complications, such as secondary bacterial infections and respiratory failure, are rare but require immediate intervention. The prognosis for most children is excellent, with most recovering fully, though recurrence is common, particularly during viral seasons. Early recognition and prompt management are essential to minimize morbidity and improve outcomes in children with croup. Further research is required to refine treatment protocols and better understand the long-term implications of recurrent episodes.