RECENT ADVANCES IN THE GREEN SYNTHESIS OF BENZOTHIAZOLE SCAFFOLD FOR CANCER TREATMENT

Abstract

Benzothiazole scaffolds are a prominent class of heterocyclic compounds known for their diverse pharmacological properties, particularly their anticancer activity. Traditional synthetic methods for benzothiazole derivatives often involve hazardous reagents and energy-intensive processes, raising environmental and economic concerns. Green synthesis has emerged as a sustainable alternative, aligning with the principles of green chemistry by minimizing environmental impact while maintaining or enhancing the efficacy of synthesized compounds.

Objective:
This review systematically explores recent advances in the green synthesis of benzothiazole scaffolds, with a focus on their application in cancer treatment. The objective is to provide a comprehensive overview of current green synthetic methodologies, assess their effectiveness, and identify future directions for research and development.

Methods:
A systematic literature search was conducted, covering publications from the past decade on green synthesis techniques for benzothiazole derivatives with anticancer properties. Various green synthesis methods, including catalytic approaches, microwave-assisted synthesis, biocatalysis, and sustainable solvent systems, were critically evaluated. Case studies and comparative analyses were included to assess the efficiency, yield, and environmental impact of these methods.

Results:
Recent developments in green synthesis have significantly advanced the production of benzothiazole derivatives. Key findings include:

• Catalytic Approaches: Transition metal-catalyzed reactions and organocatalysis have been effective in enhancing the yield and selectivity of benzothiazole synthesis while reducing the need for toxic reagents.
• Microwave and Ultrasound-Assisted Synthesis: These techniques have shortened reaction times and improved energy efficiency, making them viable options for large-scale production.
• Biocatalysis: Enzyme-mediated synthesis has shown promise in achieving high selectivity under mild conditions, though challenges remain in scalability.
• Sustainable Solvent Systems: The use of ionic liquids, deep eutectic solvents, and water has reduced the environmental footprint of benzothiazole synthesis, though further optimization is needed for industrial applications.

Conclusion:
Green synthesis represents a significant advancement in the production of benzothiazole scaffolds, offering both environmental and economic benefits. These methods not only align with the principles of green chemistry but also have the potential to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of benzothiazole-based drugs. Future research should focus on overcoming the current limitations of green synthesis, such as scalability and cost-effectiveness, and expanding these methodologies to other heterocyclic compounds. The integration of green synthesis into the pharmaceutical industry could lead to more sustainable and responsible drug development, particularly in the field of oncology.